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Le  Livre  du  Chastel  de  Labour 


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Le  Livre  du  Chastel  de  Labour, 
par  Jean  |  Bruyant.  A  description 
of  an  Illuminated  Manuscript  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  belonging  to 
George  C.  Thomas,  Philadelphia, 
with  a  short  account  and  synopsis 
of  the  Poem     a      a      a      0      a 


Printed  for  private  circulation   only 
1909 


CONTENTS 

THE  MANUSCRIPT 

General  Description 

The    47    Chapter-headings  ;     and    Description 


OF  THE  46  Miniatures 


THE  POEM 


Its  Title 

Its  Author  and  Origin 

Analysis 

PIERRE       GRINGORE'S      CHASTEAU      DE 
LABOUR 


APPENDIX 


List  of  the  Allegorical  figures  and  Per- 
sonifications in  the  Poem,  with  English 
equivalents. 


iw36S605 


I.     The   Manuscript 

'T^HIS  very  beautiful  manuscript,  which  is  perfect 
except  for  the  loss  of  a  leaf  at  the  end  contain- 
ing the  last  sixteen  lines  of  the  poem,  must 
have  been  written  and  decorated  in  the  first  quarter, 
or  at  least  the  first  half,  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
by  French  writers  and  artists.*  In  several  of  the 
decorations  appears  a  shield  bearing  the  arms  of 
Boutillier  of  Normandy f — Ermine,  fleur-de-lis  gules — 
so  that  the  manuscript  would  seem  to  have  been 
specially  produced  for  some  member  of  that  family. 
Certain  other  features  which  are  also  repeatedly 
introduced  into  the  decorative  work  round  the 
miniatures,  with  apparent  heraldic  significance,  are 
not,  however,  so  readily  interpreted.  They  consist 
first,  of  a  portion  of  a  curtain  wall,  crenellated,  and 
returned  on  each  side,  with  a  lofty  pierced  gate  or 
portcullis,  to  which  chains  are  attached,  in  the  middle.  J 
Secondly,  of  a  long,  upright  box  with  sliding  lid — 
exactly  like  a  school-child's  pencil-box — to  which 
scrolls    are    attached.     Sometimes   this    box    is    repre- 

'^  The  compiler  of  this  notice  is  indebted  for  this  opinion  and  the 
identification  of  the  coat  of  arms  to  Dr.  G.  F.  Warner,  of  the  British 
Museum.  It  may  be  remarked  that  opinions  of  less  authority  have  put 
it  at  a  later  date,  towards  the  end  of  the  15th  century  ;  and  the  considerable 
modernizations  of  the  original  language  rather  support  this  view. 

t  Not,  however,  of  Jean  Boutillier,  author  of  Le  Somme  rurale,  whose 
date  would  fit,  but  whose  arms  as  given  on  his  seal  are  quite  different. 

I  Possibly  a  siege  tower  may  be  intended. 

7 


sented  alone,  sometiines  on  a  shield  party  azure  and 
gules,  the  box  or.  It  bears  the  inscription  Nulle  Que 
Vous,  which  also  appears  again  and  again  on  scrolls 
introduced  among  the  decorations. 

There  are  forty-six  highly  finished  miniatures 
(besides  a  small  cu l-de-lampe,  ht\ow  the  first  miniature, 
representing  a  blue  robed  reader,  male  or  female, 
reading  aloud  at  a  desk  to  various  listeners).  They 
illustrate  verv  closely  the  various  matters  described  in 
the  poem.  They  are  all  surrounded  with  very  elaborate 
ornamentation  work,  conventional  leaves  and  scrolls, 
with  occasionally  a  more  realistic  bird  or  beast  or 
flower  introduced  ;  and  are  richly  heightened  with  gold. 

The  Poem,  which  was  originally  written  without 
divisions,  has  been  divided  in  this  manuscript  into 
chapters,  each  with  its  special  rubric.  The  division 
was  no  doubt  made  for  the  purpose  of  illustration, 
and  possibly  for  this  particular  manuscript,  although 
there  is  one  single  rubric,  XXIII,  without  illustration.* 

llie  4 J  chapte7'-Jieadijigs  ;    and  description 
of  the  46  Miniatures. 

Cap.  I.  Ci  commence  le  livre  du  chastel  de  labour 
de  povrete  et  de  Richesse.  Et  comment  besoing 
nécessite  souffrete  et  disete  viennent  assaillir  un 
homs  nouvel  marie  soy  gisant  en  son  lit. 

Min.  I.  Man  and  wife  in  bed,  she  sleeping,  he 
awake.  Four  figures  entering  in  various  costumes,  two 
male  and  two  female. 

Mix.  I.  b.  (a  cul-de-lampé).  A  reader,  in  conventual 
garb,  at  a  desk,  five  listeners. 

*  Thus  there  are  forty-seven  "  chapters  " — one  more  than  the  number  of 
miniatures. 


Cap.  II.  Comment  besoing  nécessite  souffrete  et 
disete  assaillent  et  prengnent  de  tous  costez  ce 
nouvel  marie  estant  en  son  lit  avec  sa  femme. 

Min.  2.  Man  and  wife  in  bed,  she  sleeping,  he  sitting 
up,  nude  to  the  waist.  Four  figures  as  before.  One  of 
the  two  male  figures  seizing  the  man  round  the  waist, 
the  other  threatening  him. 

Cap.  III.  Comme  pensée  la  hideuse  vielle  se  mist 
sur  le  pis  du  nouvel  marie.  Et  comment  le 
hideux  villain  bo^su  soussy  l'assault  et  tormente 
tresdurement. 

Min.  3.  Man  and  wife  in  bed,  she  sleeping,  he 
awake  ;  a  hideous  hag  kneels  on  him  ;  an  old  man  on 
crutches  advances. 

Cap.  IV.  Comment  desconfort  qui  estort  plus  noir 
que  meure  vint  terriblement  tormenter  et  assaillir 
ce  nouvel  mesnagier  et  lui  fist  pis  que  tous  les 
autres. 

MiN.  4.  Man  and  wife  in  bed,  she  sleeping,  he  sitting 
up,  nude  to  the  waist.  A  black  and  monstrous  man 
clawing  at  the  bed. 

Cap.  V.  Comment  désespérance  la  fille  de  desconfort 
vient  visiter  ce  nouvel  mesnagier. 

MiN.  5,  Man  and  wife  in  bed,  she  sleeping,  he  sitting 
up,  nude  to  the  waist.  A  hideous  hag,  in  yellow  ragged 
garment,  advancing  with  uplifted  hands. 

Cap.  VI.  Comme  désespérance  se  depart  de  ce  nouvel 
mesnagier.  Et  comme  une  tresnoble  dame  appellee 
raison  vient  vers  lui  grant  erre. 

MiN.  6.  Man  and  wife  in  bed,  she  sleeping,  he  sitting 
up,  nude  to  waist.  A  hag  in  torn  yellow  dress  escaping  on 
one  side,  on  the  other  a  comely  damsel  in  crimson  dress 
approaching,  holding  a  triple  mirror. 

9 


Cap.  VII.  Com  ment  Raison  admoneste  et  enseigne 
ce  nouvel  mesnagier. 

Min.  7.  The  husband  is  out  of  bed  completely  dressed 
in  blue  overall,  black  boots  and  black  cap.  His  wife  is 
still  asleep  in  bed.  Reason,  a  "lean,  long-sided  dame," 
is  seated  in  a  chair  speaking  to  him,  holding  in  her  hand 
the  triple  mirror. 

Cap.  VIII.     Comment    Raison    parle    a    ce    nouveau 

mesnagier  d'Orgueil,  et  d'umilite  et  autres  vertus 

contraires  a  ce  pechie. 

Min.  8.  In  background  Reason  and  the  New- 
married.  In  front,  to  Right  a  richly  dressed  knight  on 
horseback,  with  men  in  armour  on  foot,  and  a  banner 
bearing  device  of  a  black  devil  astride  of  a  golden  lion  ; 
to  Left,  a  group  :  a  man  in  garb  of  monk,  and  women, 
as  nuns,  &c.,  one  with  sword  and  crown,  led  by  a  damsel 
white-robed  and  meek-looking. 

Cap.   IX.     Comment  Raison  parle  au  nouvel  mesnagier 

du  pechie  d'envie,  et  de  foy  et  de  loyaulte  et  des 

autres  vertus  contraires  a  cestui  pechie  mortel. 

Min.  9.  A  high-walled  castle,  four  female  figures 
looking  down  over  the  battlements;  nine  figures,  variously 
dressed,  assaulting  with  axe,  spear,  swords  and  scaling 
ladders.     Reason  and  the  New-married  in  background. 

Cap.  X.     Ci  parle  Raison  au  mesnagier  du  pechie  de 

Ire  et  des  vertus  contraires  a  icellui  pechie,    Cest- 

assavoir,  Debonnairete,  Pacience  et  Attrempance. 

Min.  10.  A  crenellated  tower  behind  a  wall  with 
door,  on  which  are  five  female  figures  with  white  banner 
bearing  a  gold  cross.  Five  figures  in  various  costumes 
assaulting  the  wall  with  swords,  bows,  battle-axe,  and 
scaling-ladder. 

Cap.  XI.  Comment  Raison  parle  et  devise  au  nouvel 
mesnagier  du  pechie  de  paresce  et  de  la  vertu  de 
diligence. 

10 


Min.  II.  Four  female  figures  in  front,  two  standing, 
two  sitting,  one  holding  scroll  inscribed  Asseillôs  diligèce. 
In  background,  woman  with  distaif,  and  man  at  work  in 
the  fields.     Reason  and  the  New-married  looking  on. 

Cap.  XII.  Comment  Raison  parle  au  nouveau  rnes- 
nagier  et  declare  le  pechie  de  convoitise  rapine  et 
usure  et  aussi  de  charité  et  largesse  et  autres  vertus 
contraires  a  cestui  dampnable  et  mauvais  pechie. 

Min.  12.  Many  figures.  Two  tables  with  female 
figures,  one  counting  gold  and  silver  coins,  with  scroll 
inscribed  Melons  a  poiirete  largezce  :  the  other  giving  alms. 
In  front  a  man  on  crutches.  In  background  a  thief  cutting 
off  the  purse  of  a  man.  Reason  and  the  New-married  in 
background. 

Cap.  XIII,  Comment  Raison  parle  et  declaire  au 
nouvel  mesnagier  le  pechie  de  gloutonnie  et  les 
vertus  contraires  a  icellui  pechie,  Cest  assavoir 
abstinence  et  sobriété. 

MiN.  13.  A  castle  attacked  by  men  with  bows  and 
arrows,  &c.,  and  in  front  a  butler  carrying  a  jug  and  bowl, 
and  a  cook  carrying  a  spit  with  joints  on  it.  On  the  castle 
three  figures,  one  emptying  a  bottle  on  the  attackers,  one 
holding  a  (?)  board,  with  inscription  (difficult  to  decipher). 
Reason  and  New-married  in  background. 

Cap.  XIV.  Ci  parle  Raison  au  nouvel  mesnagier  au 
pechie  de  luxure  et  de  la  vertu  de  chasteté. 

Min.  14.  To  L.  well-dressed  men  and  women,  and 
woman  holding  by  hand  youth  with  bows  and  arrows. 
To  R.  female  figure  holding  her  mantle  wide  to  cover 
figures,  of  which  two  are  nuns.  Scrolls  bearing  inscrip- 
tions :  (?)  Gardons  nous  de  pechie  (?)  ;  Vivons  chastement. 
Reason  and  New-married  in  background. 

Cap.  XV.  Comment  Raison  dit  que  homme  et  femme 
conjoings  par  mariage  ne  doivent  avoir  compaignie 

1 1 


charnelle    l'iiii   avec    l'autre   fors  en    entencion    de 

faire  lignée. 

Min.  15.  Reason  seated,  addressing  man  and  woman 
standing.     Scene  out  of  doors. 

Cap,  XVI.     Comment  Raison  ordonne  et  baille  mesure 

au  nouvel  mesnagier  pour  lui  gouverner. 

Min.  16.  Out  of  doors.  Reason  standing,  proffers 
balance  and  weights  to  the  New-married,  standing. 

Cap.    XVII.     Comment    Raison    convoit    le    nouveau 

mesnagier    et    lui    monstre    et    enseigne    le    (le) 

chemin  pour  venir  au  noble  manoir  de  Richesse. 

Min.  17.  Reason  and  New-married  on  path  (inscribed 
Au  chastel  de  richesse)  through  sloping  meadows  :  castle 
on  hill. 

Cap.  XVIII.     Comment  Raison  parle  de  destinée  en 

Impugnant  et  Blasmant  tous  ceulx  qui  s'i  abusent 

et  arrestent. 

Min.  18.  Reason  and  N.M.  standing.  Reason  with 
scroll,  Ne  tarete  point  a  ce.  The  three  Fates,  bearing  n2.r[\e- 
scTolls,  Lachesis,  Atropos,  Clato  :  Atropos,  taller  than  tha 
others,  holds  distaff  and  shears;  Lachesis  is  spinning  with 
her  hands,  Clotho  holding  the  thread. 

Cap.   XIX.     Comment   Raison    devise    et   declaire  au 

nouvel  mesnagier  le  chemin  du  manoir  de  pourete 

et  lui  deffent  qu'il  n'y  aille. 

Min.  ig.  Reason  and  N.M.  at  junction  of  two  roads 
labelled  paresce  and  Va  par  diligTce  :  at  end  of  first  a  figure 
on  crutches  ;  at  end  of  right  hand  road  four  richly  dressed 
figures  in  front  of  castle. 

Cap.  XX.  Comment  Raison  enjoint  et  defifent  a  ce 
nouvel  mesnagier  derechief  le  chemin  de  pourete 
par  diligence,  et  parle  de  deux  sentes  dont  la 
destre   est  souffisance,  et  la  senestre  est  convoitise 

12 


qui  par  fortune  l'aveugle  fait  tresluchier  les  hommes 

du  plus  hault  au  plus  bas. 

Min.  20.  Reason  and  N.M.  at  junction  of  two  roads 
labelled  (L.)  convoitise,  at  end  of  which  are  two  female 
figures  holding  a  purse  (?)  :  and  (R.)  Sottffisanse,  on  or  beside 
which  are  two  female  figures  ho'ding  spindle  and  distaff. 

Cap.  XXL     Ci   parle   Raison  au   nouvel  mesnagier  ce 

comme  il  doit  fuir  la  sente  de  convoitise  et  suivre 

la  sente  de  souffisance.     Et  aussi  s'il  est  serviteur 

comme   il  doit  estre  obéissant  et  serviable  a  son 

maistre. 

Min.  21.  Reason  and  N.M.  (Reason  with  scroll  Garde 
toy  de  convoitise)  at  junction  of  roads  labelled  (L.)  convoitise, 
at  end  of  which  is  a  female  figure  counting  money  at  a 
table  :  (R.)  Souffisanse,  at  end  of  which  are  two  sheep, 
and  a  man  at  work  with  hoe  or  mattock. 

Cap.  XXII  Comment  Raison  admonneste  ce  nouvel 
mesnagier  d'amer  loyalment  son  maistre  s'il  est 
serviteur. 

MiN.  22.  Indoors.  R.  and  N.M.  seated:  a  serving 
man  in  black,  standing. 

Cap.  XXIII.     Comment  Raison  dit  au  nouvel  mesnagier 
que  s'il  est  serviteur    II    doit    avoir    en    soy  trois 
condicions  de  trois  significacions. 
[No  Miniature.] 

Cap.  XXIV.  Comment  Raison  expose  au  nouvel 
mesnagier  ou  cas  qu'il  seroit  serviteur  les  signi- 
ficacions des  trois  condicions  devant  dictes,  cest 
assavoir  dos  d'asne,  oreilles  de  vache,  et  groing  de 
porcel. 

MiN.  23.  R.  and  N.M.  standing  (different  scene  from 
last),  regarding  a  serving  man  in  black,  with  particoloured 
coat  with  labels  (illegible). 

^3 


Cap.  XXV.  Comment  Entendement  vint  visiter  ce 
nouvel  mesnagier  et  lui  dit  qu'il  vueille  retenir  les 
enseignemens  de  Raison,  et  acomplir  ses  com- 
mandemens. 

Min.  24.  The  Bedroom  again  :  wife  asleep  in  bed  : 
N.M.  seated,  addressed  by  man  in  furred  robe,  standing 
(with  label  Intellectus  and  white  dove  on  his  head). 
Reason  leaving  the  chamber. 

Cap.  XXVI.  Comment  par  le  conseil  d'Entendement 
le  nouvel  mesnagier  pensoit  aux  enseignemens  que 
Raison  lui  avoit  moustrez.  Et  lors  s'en  vint  a  lui 
un  moult  sage  advocat  nomme  Barat  acompaignie 
de  tricherie  son  clerc  et  de  Hoquelerie  son  varlet. 

Min.  25.  Same  scene  as  last  :  but  Understanding  and 
Reason  both  ^one  :  and  three  men  as  above,  the  Advocate 
in  red,  with  black  skull  cap,  the  Clerk  holding  pens  and 
carrying  inkhorn,  etc.,  the  Varlet  wearing  sword. 

Cap,  XXVII.     Comment    Barat    acompaignie    de    son 

clerc  Tricherie  et  de  Hoquelerie  son  varlet  se  siet 

delez   ce   nouvel   mesnagier,   et   lui   blasme   moult 

fort   la   doctrine   et    les   enseignemens   de   Raison, 

et  le  conseille  le  contraire. 

Min.  26.  Scene  out  of  doors.  N.M.  and  the  three 
men  as  before,  Barat  alone  seated. 

Cap.  XXVIII.       Comment    Barat    par    son    mauvais 

conseil  et  malice   expose    monstre    et    enseigne    a 

ce  nouvel  mesnagier  ses  cautelles,  sa  doctrine,  et 

ses  fallaces,  et  ses  autres   dampnables  vices  pour 

parvenir  a  hault  estât  dominacion  et  seignourie. 

Min.  27.  Scene  much  as  last.  But  N.M.  to  right, 
and  the  others  all  three  standing. 

Cap.  XXIX.  Comment  après  ce  que  Barat  s'est  teu, 
ce    nouvel    mesnagier    est    entre    en    grant    esmay 

14 


de    ce    que    Barat    lui    avoit    expose,    et    ne    scet 
auquel  s'arrester,  ou  a  Raison  ou  a  Barat. 

Min.  28.  Same  sort  of  scene.  N.M.  alone,  the 
others  departing. 

Cap.  XXX,  Comment  Entendement  revint  a  ce 
nouvel  mesnagier  et  le  blasme  moult  fort  de  ce 
que  par  la  deception  et  cautelles  de  Barat  et 
ses  complices  il  a  cuidie  servir  et  obéir  a  eulx. 
Et  delaissier  Dame  Raison  et  ses  bons  et  loyaulx 
enseignemens. 

Min.  2g.  Scene  as  last.  N.M.  reproved  by  Under- 
standing, both  standing.  Above  a  cherub  labelled 
Intelligècia. 

Cap.    XXXI.      Comment    Entendement    enseigne    et 

admonneste    moult    sagement    et    diligemment    ce 

nouvel    mesnagier    a    croire    et    obéir    a    Dame 

Raison  et  a  ses  dottrines  et  commandemens. 

Min.  30,  Indoors:  N.R.  and  U.  both  standing. 
U.    has   white    dove    on    his    hat    with    scroll    in    beak 

intellectnz. 

Cap.  XXXII.       Comment    Entendement    se    teut    de 

parler.      Et    lors    revint   Dame    Raison    derechief 

admonnester    et    introduire   ce    nouvel    mesnagier, 

et    il    fut   affiance   de    la  servir.      Et  comme  elle 

retient  icellui  son  féal  sergent  et  serviteur. 

Min.  31.  '  Indoors.  Raison,  as  before,  and  N.M. 
clasping  extended  hands. 

Cap.  XXXIII.  Comment  Raison  declaire  au  nouvel 
mesnagier  la  gloire  de  paradis  laquel  est  appa- 
reillée pour  ceulx  qui  la  serviront  et  parle  du 
jugement  de  nostre  seigneur  Jhesucrist,  et  aussi 
des  paines  d'enfer,  et  comme  les  serviteurs  Barat 
seront  tous  condampnez  pardurablement. 

15 


^^I^'.  32. — Reason  and  N.M.  seated  in  front  of  Hell- 
mouth,  depicted  as  monstrous  fanged  jaws,  open,  with 
flames  and  devils  within  :  above  the  Lord  and  saints 
aud  angels  in  the  Heaven 

Cap.  XXXIV.  Comment  le  nouvel  mesnagier  a  mains 
joinctes  s'agenoulle  devant  Raison  et  lui  fait 
hommaige.  Et  comme  Dame  Raison  s'abesse  la 
chiere  et  baise  icellui  nouveau  mesnagier  en  la 
bouche. 

Min.  ^^.  Out  of  doors.  Reason  stooping  to  kiss  the 
kneeling  N.M,  Castle  in  distant  background.  N.M.  has 
bare  legs  so  as  to  be  kneeling  a  nuz  ^cnotilz. 

Cap.  XXXV.  Comment  un  simple  homs  et  sa  femme 
nomme  bon  cuer  et  bonne  voulente  viennent 
visiter  ce  nouvel  mesnagier  après  ce  qu'il  ot  fait 
hommage  a  Dame  K.iison.  Et  comme  bonne 
voulente  tenoit  par  la  main  destre  un  petit  enfant 
nomme  Talent  de  bien  faire,  lequel  estoit  filz 
d'elle  et  de  bon  cuer*  son  mary. 

Min.  34.  Bedroom  ;  wife  asleep  in  bed  ;  N.M. 
standing,  dressed.  Man  with  staff,  woman  leading 
child  by  hand. 

Cap.  XXXVI.  Comment  bon  cuer  et  bonne  voulente 
et  talent  de  bien  faire  leur  filz  s'assirent  tous  trois 
de  lez  ce  nouveau  mesnagier  et  l'admonnestent 
d'a.er  au  bel  chemin  de  diligence.  Par  lequel 
l'en  vient  au  tresnoble  chastel  de  Richesse. 

MiN.  35.  Bedroom;  wife  asleep;  N.M.  sitting,  un- 
dressed, upright  in  bed,  beside  which  are  seated  the  man, 
woman  and  child. 

Cap  XXXVII.  Comment  ce  nouvel  mesnagier  se 
lieve    de    son   lit  at   s'appreste   appertement.       Et 

*  Instead  of  writinjj  the  word  the  scribe  has  drawn  a  small  heart 
of  the  conventional  shape. 

16 


comme  bon  ciier  et  bonne  voiilente  le  convoient  au 
chemin  de  Diligence,  et  Talent  de  bien  faire  leur 
filz  va  tout  le  premier  portant  la  chandelle  pour 
leur  esclairier. 

Min.  36.  Scene  out  of  doors  :  but  the  inside  of  bed- 
room is  open  on  L.  with  wife  asleep  in  bed.  N.M. 
putting  on  his  boot.  Man  standing,  and  woman  and 
child  holding  a  lighted  candle  between  them.  In  distance 
a  castle. 

Cap.  XXXVIII.  Comment  bon  cuer  bonne  voulente 
et  talent  de  bien  faire  mainent  ce  nouvel  mesna- 
gier  jusques  a  la  porte  du  chastel  de  labour  et  le 
portier  nomme  soing  leur  vient  au  devant  moult 
fièrement.  Et  comme  ilz  l'applaigent  et  présentent 
a  icellui  portier. 

Min.  37.  Castle,  surrounded  with  walls:  Gateway 
in  front,  with  drawbridge.  Before  it  the  Porter,  holding 
(?)  truncheon,  in  talk  with  N.M.  and  his  three  companions. 

Cap.  XXXIX.      Comment    soing   le    portier    prent  ce 

nouvel  mesnagier,  et  a  la  relacion  de  bon  cuer  bonne 

voulente  et  talent  de  bien  faire,  le  fait  entrer  ens. 

Et  lui  expose  et  devise  l'estre,  le  gouvernement  et 

la  manière  du   chastel  de  labour  et  la  vie  et  estât 

des  ouvriers  d'icellui  chastel. 

Min.  38.  Almost  same  as  last  scene.  But  the  Porter 
taking  hands  of  N.M. 

Cap.  XL.  Comment  Soing  et  Cure  mainent  ce  nouvel 
mesnagier  dedans  le  chastel  de  labour,  ou  quel 
il  vit  des  ouvriers  plus  de  cent  mille.  Et  lors 
aluma  sa  chandelle  et  prist  sa  place  et  commença 
a  ouvrier.  Et  comme  Paine,  les  pans  a  sa  seinture, 
aloit  visitant  tous  les  ouvriers. 

Min.    39.      Same    scene.      But    no    figures    without. 
17 


Within  various  small  figures  at  work,  sawing,  hammering, 
etc.     Overseer  on  the  top  of  the  tower. 

[In  decorations  round  are  figures  representing  the  four 
seasons  :  Sower,  reaper,  woodcutter,  gatherer  of  grapes.] 

Cap.  XLI.  Comment  Paine  la  chastellaine  du  chastel 
demanda  a  Soing  le  portier  et  a  Cure  sa  feniine 
Qui  estoit  ce  nouveau  ouvrier?  Et  ilz  lui  dient 
que  Bon  Cuer  et  Bonne  Voulente  et  Talent  de  Bien 
Faire  leur  fiiz  l'avoient  leans  amené  et  caucionne  et 
applaigie. 

Min.  40.  Scene  much  as  l.ist.  N.M.  as  blacksmith 
at  work  at  forge  ;  three  persons  looking  on^  one  being 
the  Porter. 

Cap.  XLII.  Comment  Paine  parle  au  nouveau  mesna- 
gier  et  lui  ennorte  de  tresdiligemment  ouvrier,  afin 
que  Travail  son  mary  ne  se  courrouce  a  l'anuitier 
quant  il  le  vendra  visiter. 

Min.  41.  Scene  as  before.  N.M.  standing,  listening 
to  address  from  woman  in  red. 

Cap.  XLIII.  Comment  le  nouvel  mesnagier  voit  des- 
jeunier  les  autres  ouvriers  qui  mengoient  pain  bis 
des  aulx  au  gros  sel,  et  buvoient  de  l'eaue  a  plain 
musel  ;  et  lors  en  faisant  tousjours  son  euvre  se 
prist  a  desjeuner  comme  les  autres  ouvriers. 

Min.  42.  Castle  as  before,  but  on  smaller  scale. 
Men  on  the  towers,  eating  and  drinking.  Outside  the 
walls  a  man  and  a  woman  working  among  the  vines. 

Cap.  XLIV.  Comment  Bon  Cuer  et  bonne  voulente, 
Talent  de  Bien  Faire,  Soing  et  Cure,  estoient  de 
lez  ce  nouvel  mesnagier,  et  l'admonnestoient  de 
tresfort  ouvrier.  Et  comme  a  l'anuitier  Travail  le 
chastellain  du  chastel  le  vient  conforter,  et  lui 
donne  congie  d'aler  a  repos  le  preudoms  pour  soy 
aisier. 

18 


Min.  43.  Half  indoors,  half  out.  N.M.  seated 
before  anvil  and  table  with  hammer,  &c.,  the  three,  Hon 
Cuer,  cScc,  beside;  a  labourer  in  white  with  sickle  and 
sheaf  coming  in  and  accosting  him. 

Cap.  XLV.  Comment  ce  nouvel  mesnagier  vient  a 
soing  le  portier  et  a  cure  sa  femme  pour  le  mettre 
hors  du  chastel  pour  aller  a  repos.  Et  comme 
soing  et  cure  l'adinonnestent  de  revenir  a  l'eure  de 
matines,  et  lui  défendent  qu'il  ne  croit  mie  Repos 
qui  maintes  gens  a  deceuz  et  mis  a  pourete. 

Min.  44.  Outside  a  gateway  with  drawbridge.  The 
porter  and  his  wife  dismissing  N.  M.,  with  scroll  inscribed 
.0.  r[e]mens  matin.     Stars  in  sky. 

Cap.  XLVI.  Comment  ce  nouvel  mesnagier  prist 
congie  de  Soing  le  portier  du  chastel,  et  s'en  vient 
en  la  maison  de  Repos.  Et  illec  trouva  sa  femme 
qui  lui  appareilloit  a  mengier.  Et  comme  après 
souper  il  compte  et  dite  a  sa  femme  son  advision 
et  tout  son  affaire  qui  lui  estoit  avenu  en  son  lit, 
quant  de  lez  lui  elle  dormoit. 

Min.  45.  A  room  :  bed  being  made  in  background. 
In  front  N.  M.  and  his  wife,  with  table  set  for  eating,  fire 
on  hearth,  &c. 

Cap.  XLVI  I.  Comment  la  femme  de  ce  nouvel 
mesnagier  ramposne  son  mary  de  ce  qu'il  lui  avoit 
dit  et  racompte,  et  lui  dist  que  ce  n'estoit  que 
fantaisie,  et  qui'il  estoit  en  frenaisie.  Et  comme  il 
s'appareille  pour  couchier  ;  et  lors  lui  souvint  de 
soing  et  de  cure,  et  pour  faire  et  acomplir  leur 
volente  mist  la  chandelle  et  le  fuisil  empres  lui 
pour  soy  lever  devant  le  jour  a  l'eure  dicte. 

MiN.  46.  In  the  bedroom.  N.  M.  holding  tinder- 
box,  his  wife  standing  expostulating. 

^9 


II.    The   Poem. 

Its  Title. 
In  this  MS.  the  title  of  the  Poem — as  given  in  the 
first  rubric — is  Le  Livre  du  Chastel  de  Labour^  de 
Povreté^  et  de  Richesse.  But  it  is  more  usually  known 
as  Le  Chemin  de  Povreté  et  de  Richesse,  the  title 
under  which  it  was  printed  by  the  Société  des  Biblio- 
philes français,  in  a  modern  edition  to  be  mentioned 
presently.  In  one  of  the  two  MSS.  of  the  poem 
preserved  in  the  Bibliothèque  Nationale  at  Paris  the 
title  is  thus  given  in  the  concluding  verses — 

Icy  vueil  mon  livre  à  fin  traire, 
Apellé  La  Voie  ou  L'Adresse 
De  Povreté  ou  de  Richesse.* 

But  apparently  the  title  at  the  head  of  the  Poem  in 
the  same  MS.  runs  :  Le  Livre  de  Povreté  et  de 
Richesse,  which  corresponds  to  the  second  halt  of 
the  title  in  the   MS.  before  us. 

The  actual  title  in  this  MS.,  Le  Chastel  de  Labour^ 
appears  to  be  given  to  this  particular  poem  nowhere 
else  ;  but  that  it  was,  at  all  events,  sometimes  attached 
to  it  seems  plain  from  the  fact  that  Pierre  Gringore 
gives  that  title  to  his  remodelled  version  of  the 
work. 

Its  Atithor. 

The  name  of  the  author  of  this  poem  has  been 
apparently  preserved  to  us  in  one  of  the  two  Paris 
Manuscripts  as  Jacques  Bruant. t 

*  Paulin  Paris,  MSS.  franc,  de  la  Bibl:  du  Roi,  VI.,  pp.  241,  2. 

f  The  editor  of  the  Ménagier  de  Paris  says  that  neither  of  the  Paris 
MSS.  has  preserved  his  name.  But  Paulin  Paris  loc.  cit.  expressly  states 
that  it  is  preserved  in  the  MS.  St.  Victor  275,  to  vt'hich  the  same  editor 
alludes,  remarking,  however,  that  he  had  not  seen  it. 

21 


But  another  author,  who  introduced  the  whole  of 
this  poem  into  a  prose  work  of  his  own  entitled  Le 
Menagier  dc  Paris,  there  calls  its  author  "  a  worthy 
and  ingenious  gentleman  of  the  name  of  the  late  Jehan 
Bruyant,  formerly  notary  to  the  king  at  the  Chastellet 
in  Paris."  Nothing  else  is  known  of  him  ;  but  the 
Manuscript  above  mentioned  also  gives  the  date  of  the 
work  as   1342. 

The  Subject. 

The  Poem  is  one  of  the  numerous  allegorical  com- 
positions which  arose,  thick  as  seedlings,  under  the 
shadow  of  the  monumental  Old-French  allegory,  the 
Roman  dc  la  Rose.  Like  that,  it  is  told  as  a  quasi- 
dream  ;  and  several  of  the  Personifications,  Raison, 
Faulx-semblant,  Male-bouche^  are  drawn  from  the  great 
poem.  The  machinery  is  also  imitated.  Just  as  in 
the  Roman  de  la  Rose  the  "Acteur"  is  first  instructed 
by  Amour,  then  persuaded  in  another  direction  by 
Raison,  and  finally  returns  to  his  allegiance  to  Ammir, 
and  receives  his  kiss  as  a  seal  ;  so  in  this  poem 
the  nouvel  marié  or  nouvel  ménagier  first  barkens 
to  the  salutary  counsels  of  Raison,  is  then  urged  to 
the  contrary  by  Rarat  (Fraud),  but  finally  returns 
and  follows  Raison,  who  also  bestows  her  kiss  upon 
him.  (The  scene  is  amusingly  represented  in  the 
Miniature  to  Cap.  XXIV.). 

To  modern  taste  it  seems  a  work  of  little  literary 
merit,  except  that  of  facile  versification  ;  and  it  lacks 
entirely  the  wit  and  poetic  power  that  make  the  Roman 
de  la  Rose  a  great  work  and  a  fine  poem.  The  alle- 
gorising is  commonplace  and  artificial.  Perhaps  the 
most  redeeming  feature  is  the  occasional  introduction 

22 


of  a   versified    proverb  such  as  that    in   the    first   few 

lines  : 

Set  by  himself  a  fool,  and  he 

To  his  own  comfort  soon  will  see.* 

The  Poem  has  been  printed  in  full,  in  its  place  in 
the  Méhngier  de  Paris^  t  from  several  MSS.,  of 
which  the  most  ancient  belonged,  in  the  editor's 
opinion,  to  the  first  half  of  the  fifteenth  century.  I 
can  find  no  mention  of  any  MS.  of  the  Chastel  de 
Labour  of  an  earlier  date.  But  there  are  many  indi- 
cations in  the  MS.  before  us,  as  well  as  in  the  printed 
text,  that  the  language  had  been  somewhat  modernised 
from  its  original  style.  The  French  language  was, 
in  fact,  undergoing  considerable  modification,  rather 
rapidly,  between  the  date  of  the  poem,  1342,  and  the 
date  of  the  surviving  MSS.  of  it. 

The  number  of  lines  in  this  Manuscript  is  2,618. 
Adding  the  last  16  lines,  which  are  here  missing,  we 
should  have  a  total  of  2,634.  In  the  printed  edition 
there  are   2,626. 


Analysis  of  the   Poem. 

Cap.  I.  The  writer,  following  exactly  the  model  of 
the  Roman  de  la  Rose^  feigns  that  his  work  was  a 
"  vision  "  which  came  to  him  in  the  night,  eighteen  or 
twenty  days  after  his  marriage,  when  the  festivities 
were  all  over.  He  lay  in  bed,  his  wife  asleep  by  his 
side   (as    consistently    represented    in    this  MS.).     He 

*  mettez  un  fol  a  part  soy,  II  pensera  de  soy  chevir.  The  latter  line  is 
quoted  in  Cotgrave's  Dictionary. 

f  Le  Mênagier  Je  Paris  :  .  .  .  publié  pour  la  première  fois  par  la 
Société  des  Bibliophiles  fran^ois,  2  vols.,   Pans,   1847. 

23 


himself,  however,  was  awake,  when  there  came  to 
him  a  brother  and  three  sisters  of  disagreeable 
appearance.  The  man  was  Want,  and  the  women 
Necessity,  Suffering,  and  Hunger  ;  their  father  was 
Poverty,   and  their  mother  Misfortune. 

Cap.  II.  The  four  fell  upon  the  unfortunate  newly- 
married  man  and  squeezed  and  struck  him,  pulled 
him  about,  and  nearly  choked  him,  while  they  all 
"scolded"  him.* 

Cap.  III.  Next  came  a  hideous  hag  named 
Anxiety  {Pensée)  who  maltreated  him  even  worse  ; 
and  was  followed  by  a  hideous  man  named  Care,  who 
outdid  the  rest. 

Cap.  IV.  These  visitors  were  followed  by  a  tall 
villain,  black  as  a  mulberry,  named  Discomfort,  who 
continued  the  treatment,  and  nearly  drove  the  unfor- 
tunate man  mad  ;  and  he  begins  to  reflect  with  himself 
on  his  debts  and  difficulties. 

Cap.  V.  But  he  was  interrupted  by  the  visitation 
of  a  creature  looking  like  a  mad-woman,  named 
Despair,  daughter  of  Discomfort.  Her  attentions 
reduce  the  poor  man  to  the  lowest  depths  of  misery  : 

Trouble  is  mine,  where'er  I  be  ; 
Little  I  care  what  comes  to  me, 
What  rain  or  tempest  overtake. 
What  cannot  bend  must  surely  break  ; 
What  cannot  bloom  must  fade  and  dry. 
Only  one  death  I  have  to  die; 
And  I  have  heard  a  saw  uncivil, 
That,  if  you're  going  to  the  Devil, 
No  use  it  is  to  dawdle  round  ; 
Born  to  be  hanged  will  not  be  drowned. 

*  This  MS.  reads  se  degrouta  (for  degrouça).  The  printed  text  gives 
desglcla,  an  unknown  word,  with  desfroufa  as  variant. 

24 


Cap.  VI.  Just  as  he  has  become  desperate,  and 
determined  to  give  up  his  honesty,  and  o;et  hvelihood 
and  wealth  by  fair  means  or  foul,  there  arrives  a  very 
noble  lady,  fair  and  beautiful,  named  Reason,  at  whose 
appearance  Despair  fled  as  fast  as  feet  could  carry  her. 

Cap.'  VII.  Reason  reproves  the  man  for  his  evil 
thoughts  ;  and  bids  him  attend  to  her,  love  God  and 
the  Virgin,  acquire  virtuous  habits,  and  by  means  of 
the  Seven  Virtues  resist  the  Seven  Vices,  to  which 
he  is  enslaved. 

Cap.  VIII.  (Continuation  of  Reason's  discourse). 
When  he  sees  Pride  advancing  against  him,  with  his 
company.  Derision,  Disdain,  Despite,  Presumption, 
Trample-under-foot,  Arrogance,  Haughtiness,  Con- 
tempt, Over-weaning,  and  others,  let  him  at  once  call 
to  his  aid  Humility,  Devoutness,  Sincerity  {Franc/iïse)^ 
Contemplation,  Fear-of-God,  Gentleness,  Pity,  Justice, 
Simplicity,  Equity,  and  many  others  who  will  come 
with  them,  who  will  quickly  overcome  the  opposing 
forces. 

Cap.  IX.  The  next  assault  to  be  guarded  against 
is  that  of  Envy,  with  whom  are  Hatred,  Falsity, 
Murder,  Treason,  False-seeming,*  Detraction,  Enmity 
and  Ill-speech.  These  must  not  be  allowed  to  come 
near  ;  he  is  to  runf  at  once  to  seek  aid  from  Faith  and 
Loyalty,  who  will  succour  him  immediately,  and  bring 
with  them  Peace,  Concord,  True-friendship,  Com- 
passion, Kindliness,  Truth,  Conscience,  Unity,  with  the 
rest. 

*  Faulx-Semblant  and  Male-bouche  are  conspicuous  characters  in  the 
second  part  of  the  Roman  de  la  Rose. 

f  The  reading  of  the  printed  text  Tencueur  is  here  right.     This  MS.  has 
Ton  ciier, 

25 


Cap.  X.  The  next  assault  is  one  to  be  niiicli 
dreaded,  namely  that  of  Anger  and  his  company.* 
Cruelty  is  the  standard-bearer,  and  the  others  are 
Frowardness,  Passion,  Violence,  Rage,  Fury,  and  the 
rest.  To  resist  them  seek  Good-temper,  who  will 
come  to  succour,  together  with  Sweetness, |  Tolerance, 
Self-control,  Moderation,  Patience,  Discretion,  Self- 
restraint,  Correction. 

This  Anger  is  a  foe  most  fell  ; 
For  once  the  heart  wax  hot  and  swell, 
So  quick  the  flame  of  Violence  grows, 
Body  and  soul  he  risks  to  lose. 
When  such  a  man  to  wrath  gives  rein, 
And  will  himself  no  more  restrain, 
JMy  sister  Order  then  sets  on. 
And  works  for  his  damnation. 
For  such  she  is,  by  law  and  lot, 
That  whoso  for  himself  will  not 
Apply  the  due  correction,  she 
On  him  lays  hand  so  heavily. 
That  in  a  trice  he  comes  to  shame. 
In  sooth  full  sore  she  hateth  them 
On  whom  her  hand  she  needs  to  lay  ; 
And  therefore  throws  the  whole  straightway 

*  Tlie  line  succeeding  Et  tons  ceulx  de  sa  compaignie,  which  is  missing 
in  the  MSS.  followed  by  the  printed  text,  is  given  in  this  MS.  :  Qu'avec 
lui  est  acompaignie.  If  this  is  really  the  author's,  and  not  merely  a 
copyist's  stop-gap,  it  justifies  the  editor's  supposition  that  "it  is  not  neces- 
sary to  the  understanding  of  the  sentence." 

f  Doitlceur  has  been  mentioned  before  as  one  of  the  train  of  Humilité, 
but  perhaps  the  quality  here  is  intended  to  be  rather  a  different  one. 

X  The  editor  of  the  printed  text  has  not  understood  this  passage,  and 
rejects  as  "  nonsense"  the  reading  of  three  MSS.,  Ma  seur  Mesure,  which  is 
assuredly  right.  The  MS.  before  us  reads  Ma  suer  luesure  en  soy  se  Tuet  ; 
but  the  printed  text  en  luy  se  met  is  better,  corresponding  to  the  phrases 
elle  s'y  met  and  ou  il  fault  qu'elle  s'y  viette,  below.  In  Cap.  XV.,  last 
line  but  4,  Reason  again  speaks  of  Ma  suer  Mesure. 

26 


*Into  the  stock-pot,  stop  nor  stay, 
Soon  as  one  wrongs  her  any  wa}'. 

Cap.  XI.  Reason  now  warns  against  Sloth,  whose 
standard-bearer  is  Indolence,  and  his  followers  Timiditv, 
Laziness,  Cowardice,  Negligence,  Silliness,  Don't-care, 
Faint-heart.  lie  is  in  bad  case  who  is  entrapped  by 
them,  poor  cowardly  creatures  though  they  are.|  Let 
him  take  against  these  Diligence,:]:  Readiness,  Good- 
heart,  Good-desire,  Mind-to-do-well,  Carefulness,  Pains- 
taking. These  will  soon  put  the  others  to  rout.  For 
they  are  only  brave  against  him  who  yields  to  them. 

Cap.  XII.  The  fifth  attack  to  be  guarded  against 
is  that  of  Avarice,  with  his  standard-bearer  Covetous- 
ness,  and  his  followers  Rapine,  Usury,  False- troth, 
Malice,  Trickery,  Murder,  Theft,  Robbery,  Perfidy, 
Deception,  Deceit,  Craft.  When  he  sees  them  coming 
against  him,  let  him  make  Charity  his  high-constable, 
whose  suite  is  composed  of  Sufficiency,  Largesse  and 
Almsgiving. 

Cap.  XIII.  The  sixth  assault  is  headed  by  Gluttony: 

Nnlz  temps  ne  pud  eslre  assouvis  (satisfied), 

Mais  tousjvurs  semble  estre  aloiivis  (ravenous  as  a  wolf). 

*  This  MS.,  like  the  three  MSS.  mentioned  by  the  editor  of  the  printed 
text,  reads  broiiet  ;  and  it  seems  preferable  to  suppose  this  to  be  a  semi- 
proverbial  saying — of  the  kind  of  which  this  author  is  so  fond — than  to  adopt 
the  editor's  suggestion  of  brouvette,  "a  punishment-cart,"  which  is  never 
found  in  the  form  of  brouvet. 

t  In  I.  19.  The  reading  of  the  printed  text  Tant  ne  soient  ils  is  right. 
This  MS.  has  Tons;  and  again  in  1.  21  the  reading  of  the  printed  text 
Aincois  simples  à  mate  chiere  is  better  thin  that  of  this  MS.  Mas  cois 
Simples  et  mate  chiere. 

X  Further  on  in  the  poem,  Diligence  is  the  Road  to  the  Caslle  of  Riches  ; 
Soing  is  the  porter  at  the  Castle  of  Labour,  Cure  is  his  wife  ;  and  Bon-cuer, 
Bonne-voulenté  and  Talenl-de-bien-faire  (their  sonj  are  the  persons  who 
introduce  the  author  to  the  Castle  of  Labour. 

27 


The  attack  is  two-fold  ;  the  one  part  is  led  by  Gorman- 
dise, with  Appetite,  Greediness,  Drunkenness,  Excess, 
Indulgence,  in  his  train.  The  other  "  Battle  "  is  in 
charge  of  Wicked-tongue,*  who  has  with  him  Fault- 
finding, Calumny,  Slander,  Profanity,  Rashness,  Loose- 
living,  and  others.  To  resist  the  two-fold  attack,  it 
is  necessary  to  seek  Abstinence  and  her  companion 
Sobrietv,  with  their  fellows. 


J  ' 


'Fore  all  things  thy  defences  dress 

Against  the  assault  of  Drunkenness  ! 

For  who  to  Drunkenness  shall  give 

Himself,  no  power  hath  long  to  live, 

Or  life  is  weariness  to  him, 

When  his  whole  head  and  eke  each  limb 

Become  to  him  a  pain  and  grief, 

And  his  hand  shaketh  as  a  leaf. 

And  quicker  doth  a  man  through  drink 

To  cold,  disease  or  weakness  sink. 

The  drunkard  finds  his  food  no  stay. 

And  all  his  liver  wastes  away. 

The  drunkard  (grief  and  shame  betide  1) 

Is  practically  a  suicide. 

Cap.  XIV.  The  seventh  assault  has  for  captain 
Lasciviousness  ;  and  it  is  expedient  to  keep  well  away 
from  the  ways  of  him  and  his  crew.  If  the  bold 
archert  Foolish-look  approaches  to  take  aim  at  a  man, 

*  This  MS.  reads:  Vautre  bataille  a  Male-bonche 
Qui  niaine  avec  lui  reprouche. 
The  printed  text  has  est  for  a  in  the  former  Une,  and  qui  n'aime  que 
mauvais  reprouche  for  the  second.  Perhaps  the  original  line  was  Qui 
maine  avecques  lui  reprouche. — Male-bouche  is  a  character  in  the  Roman 
(ie  la  Rose,  and  is  rendered  "Wicked-Tongue"  in  the  so-called  Chaucer 
translation. 

t  In  the  Roman  de  la  Rose,  the  youth  who  carries  Love's  bow  is  called 
Dous-Regars.  The  three  arrows  here  do  net  correspond  with  any  of  the 
arrows  of  I.ove  in  the  Roman  de  la  Rose  ;  naturally  enough,  the  object  in 
one  being  to  extol,  in  the  otlitr  to  disparage,  the  shafts  of  Love. 

28 


let  him  be  off  at  once  ;  and  once  escaped  their  borders, 

let  him  carefully  avoid  the  paths  of  Remembrance,  who, 

if  he  can,  will  lead  him  into  range  again,  to  be  hit  by  the 

arrows  of  Thought  and  Foolish-joy,  or  the  cross-bow  of 

Desire.     Once  give  way  to    Foolish-love,  and  further 

resistance  is  vain.     The  weapons  to  take  are  the  shield 

of  Chastity,  and  the  lance  of  Resolution.     With  these 

Foolish-look  and  Foolish-thought  may  be  resisted  ;  and 

if  they  are  powerless,   none  of  the  rest  can  do  hurt. 

Looking  {Regart)  is   the  most  powerful   of  things  for 

good  or  for  harm. 

Hence  one  for  sooth  the  saw  receives 
•'  What  eye  not  seeth  heart  not  grieves." 

Cap.  XV.  In  continuation  of  her  warning  against 
Lasciviousness,  Reason  preaches  a  short  discourse  on 
the  right  and  wrong  of  sex  relations,  to  precisely  the 
same  purpose— though  much  less  pithily  expressed— as 
the  discourse  on  the  same  subject  by  the  same  speaker, 
Raison,  in  the  Roman  de  la  Rose,  lines  5,124  et  seq. 
(Ed.  F.  Michel).     This  writer  begins  :— 

Conjoings  "^ja  ne  devroient  veoir 

L^un  avec  l'autre  afaire  avoir 

Par  charnelle  conjunction 
fSe  n'estoit  en  entencion 

De  lignie  multiplier,     etc. 

In  the  Roman  de  la  Rose^  Raison  says  : — 
Continuer  I'estre  devin 
A  son  pooir  voloir  déust 
Quiconques  à  fame  géust.     etc. 

Cap.  XVI.     Reason,  having   exhausted  the  list  of 
vices  and  virtues,  now  returns  to  general  instruction,^ 

*  Mis-written  sa  for  ja.     f  Mis-written  ce. 

+  The  chapter-division  in  this  MS.  comes  in  the  wrong  place,  and  the 
first  four  lines  of  this  chapter  belong  properly  to  the  preceding. 

29 


her  advice  comprising  the  curious  mixture  of  Christian 
altruism  ("Love  your  neighbour  as  vourself,"  "Do  as 
you  would  be  done  by")  etc.,  and  worldlv  wisdom, 
("  Think  before  you  speak,"  "  Do  not  interfere  in 
quarrels,"  etc.)  so  characteristic  of  mediaeval  didactics. 

Cap.  XVII.  Somewhat  abruptly  the  discourse  turns 
to  the  method  of  arriving  at  the  "  fair  Manor  of 
Richesse."  He  is  to  take  the  road  to  the  right  which 
is  called  Diligence,  and  is  paved  with  Perseverance  ; 
which  leads  easily  to  the  abode  of  Riches.  The  road 
to  the  left  is  called  by  lay  folk  Paresse,  and  by  clerks 
Accidc,  (Idleness),  a  bad  road  all  unpaved,  full  of 
holes  and  puddles,  the  large  puddles  of  Insolence, 
Ignorance,  and  Silliness.  This  is  the  road  of  Poverty, 
a  lady  very  little  esteemed.  If  once  a  man  has  chosen 
this  road,  he  will  find  it  very  difficult  to  get  back  to  the 
road  leading  to  Riches. 

Cap.  XVIII.  (Continuation  of  Reason's  discourse.) 
Some  people  maintain  that  it  is  "Destiny"  which  has 
led  them  to  act  thus — their  destiny  given  them  at  their 
birth.  But  Destinv  has  no  power  over  a  man  which 
Reason  cannot  resist  and  overcome  ;  and  it  is  quite 
false  to  make  Destiny  into  a  kind  of  virtue  and  a 
subject  of  pride,  or  to  say  that  Good  and  Evil  come  of 
themselves,  and  that  it  is  useless  to  resist  Destiny. 

For  if  the  will  of  God  had  been 

That  Fate  should  have  such  power  o'er  men 

As  these  maintain,  then  what  should  skill 

Good  action  or  good  speech,  or  will 

To  give  oneself  to  works  of  good  ? 

Do  well,  indeed,  none  could  or  would, 

If  of  well-doing  no  good  came, 

But  they  died  wretched  all  the  same. 

30 


It  follows,  if  you  thus  begin, 
That  should  one  set  himself  to  sin, 
To  rob  or  murder,  wound  or  smite, 
(Since  all  in  vain  it  were  to  fight 
With  fate,  who  forces  him  in  fact 
Resistlessly  to  evil  act) 
Yet  should  he  not  be  pointed  to  : 
He  did  what  he  was  bound  to  do. 
And  God  Himself,  who  jud^eth  all, 
No  wrath  on  such  can  justly  call, 
Since  the  man's  sins  were  not  his  own, 
Nor  of  his  act,  but  Fate's  alone. 

Cap.  XIX.  Continuation  of  description  of  the 
Chemin  de  Povreté^  a  road  so  rotten  that  one  goes  in 
waist-deep  : 

A  road  where  no  man  runs  I  trow. 
But  certes  it  is  short  enow. 
Foul  though  it  be,  and  much  to  mend. 
Small  time  it  takes  to  reach  the  end. 

Cap.  XX.  Take  warning  by  the  fate  of  those  who 
have  gone  this  way  ;  and  choose  the  way  of  Diligence 
which  leads  to  the  house  of  Riches.  But  even  here, 
midway  of  the  road,  are  two  paths,  one  to  right  and  one 
to  left.  The  good  one  to  choose  is  that  to  the  right,  the 
road  of  ''Enough"  {Soiijisance)^  which  makes  men  truly 
rich  and  happy,  and  without  which  no  man  were  really 
so,  even  were  he  King  of  France.  The  other  road,  to 
the  left,  is  that  of  Covetousness  ;  but  those  who  take  it 
are  not  satisfied  even  when  they  reach  the  fair  castle  of 
Riches  :  — 

Contented  ne'er  with  gotten  gain, 
While  ought  without  their  maw  remain  ; 
The  house  of  Riches  they  disdain 
To  rest  at,  stretching  thence  again, 

31 


On  whiter  than  wheat-bread  intent 
But,  sooth  to  say,  full  oft  repent 
For  as  they  reach  the  topmost  top, 
All  in  an  instant  comes  a  drop. 
Dame  Fortune  with  the  sightless  eyes, 
Rolls  round  her  wheel,  and  as  it  flies, 
Down  in  the  mud  they  fall  straightway. 
Such  hap  men  witness  any  day. 

In  their  shame  and  desperation  these  enter  the  road 
of  Idleness,  and  straightway  arrive  at  Poverty,  and  either 
die  in  great  wretchedness  or  commit  some  crime  and 
are  brought  to  justice,  and  what  is  worse,  to  eternal 
damnation  * 

Cap.  XXI.  This  road  then  is  to  be  avoided,  and  the 
road  of  "  Enough  "  taken  ;  and  Reason  now  goes  on 
to  instruct  her  pupil  as  to  his  duties  if  he  is  a  Servant. 
He  is  not  to  be  proud  or  insolent  to  his  Master,  but 
willing  and  obliging  ;  he  is  never  to  argue  or  contra- 
dict, whatever  his  master  may  say  ;  never  to  do  ought 
to  displease  him  ;  but  to  love  him  and  be  faithful.  A 
contrast  is  drawn  between  the  service  of  Love  and  the 
service  of  Fear. 

Cap.  XXII.  Service  without  Love  is  worthless:  the 
master  will  treat  the  servant  with  contempt  or  dismiss 
him  in  disgrace,  and  give  him  such  a  character  as  will 
damage  him  in  all  men's  eyes. 

Cap.  XXIII.  The  Loyal  Servitor  should  have  three 
conditions  :  the  back  of  an  Ass,  the  ears  of  a  Cow,  and 
the  snout  of  a  Swine. 

Cap.  XXIV.     He  must  have  the  back  of  an  Ass,  in 

*  Et  qui  pis  est  leur  dampnement, 
Ou  tousjours  vivront  en  tourment. 
The  printed  text  has  not  these  two  hnes. 

32 


being  ready  to  bear  all  that  his  master  puts  upon  him, 
to  remember  all  his  needs,  to  take  all  responsibility,  and 
remind  him  of  things  when  necessary.  He  must  have 
the  ears  of  a  Cow,  to  listen  without  anger  to  his  reproofs, 
and  display  wide  open  ears,  without  seeming  to  heed 
his  master's  passion.  He  must  have  the  snout  of  a 
Swine,  in  being  ready  to  eat  whatever  is  set  before  him 
of  food  or  drink  without  demur,  whether  there  be  much 
or  little  ;  just  as  the  pig's  snout  gropes  everywhere, 
rejects  nothing,  and  finds  everything  good  and  delicious. 

Cap.  XXV.  Reason  ended  her  discourse  ;  and  the 
author  finds  at  his  side  a  wise  and  well-renowned  man 
named  Understanding,  who  bids  him  pay  good  heed  to 
the  advice  of  Reason  ;  but  is  himself  content  with  a 
very  short  discourse  : — 

Car  on  doit  mettre  son  assent  s 

Autant  à  un  mot  comme  à  cent. 

Cap.  XXVI.  Accordingly  the  author  carefully 
thinks  over  the  whole  of  Reason's  advice,  and  is  en- 
deavouring to  get  it  by  heart  ;  when  he  sees  approach- 
ing a  wise-looking  man,  who  appeared  to  be  an 
advocate,  w^earing  a  furred  gown  and  hood.  His  name 
was  Fraud  (Bai'at),  and  he  had  with  him  a  clerk  named 
Trickery,  and  an  attendant  named  Chicanery. 

Cap.  XXVn.  Fraud  seats  himself  beside  the  author, 
and  in  sober  language  reproves  him  for  listening  to 
Reason.  Those  who  follow  her  live  poor,  and  never 
reach  wealth  or  honour  :  — 

The  pure  of  heart  and  clean  of  hand 
Is  ne'er  among  the  great  or  grand. 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  he  will  reject  Reason  and 
follow   the    way    of   Fraud,   he   will    become   rich    and 

33 


powerful,  and  be  served  and  honoured,  and  live  in  as 
great  style  as  a  duke  or  a  king.  All  that  is  needed  is 
to  carry  out  the  injunctions  of  Fraud,  which  he  pro- 
ceeds to  expound. 

Cap.  XXVIII.  First  and  foremost  be  a  Flatterer, 
and  let  vour  chant  be  alwavs  the  Placebo*  Make 
much  of  people,  and  feign  yourself  a  faithful  and  par- 
ticular friend.  Do  not  be  generous,  but  stingy,  and  in 
any  company  spend  nothing  you  can  avoid.  Make 
yourself  sought  after  as  good  company  by  your  jests 
and  quips, f  and  let  these  be  as  pointed  as  possible. 
Next,  you  must  not  mind  cheating  every  kind  of  person, 
and  trying  to  get  their  money  ;  get  things  w^ithout 
paying  for  them,  and  falsify  your  accounts,  no  matter  if 
it  be  a  sin  or  not.  As  for  your  debtors,  put  the  screw 
on  them,  devour  them  and  bring  them  to  poverty 
without  pity  : 

What  care  you  if  they  lose  their  all, 

So  to  your  pouch  their  substance  fall  ? 

Be  ready  aye  to  get  and  gain, 

But  careful  ne'er  to  give  again. 

Hear  my  command  :  Owe  what  you  may 

To  any  man,  Thou  shalt  not  pay. 

If  ever  you  are  summonsed,  I  and  my  clerk  and  my 
servitor  will  come  to  your  help,  and  enable  you  to  win 
your  case,  right  or  wrong.  There  are  three  other 
points  you  must  attend  to,  although  not  of  such  import- 
ance. The  first  is  to  be  well-dressed  ;  the  second  is  to 
lie  cleverly  and  in  fine  language  ;    the  third   is  to  do 

*/  will  please.  This  is  the  first  word  of  the  anliphon  in  the  Vespers  for 
the  Dead. 

f  The  reading  of  this  MS.,  giiogues,  seems  better  than  the  gorgées  oi 
the  printed  text. 

34 


whatever  you  mean  to  do  boldly,  whether  it  be  well 
meant  or  ill  meant.*  No  one  can  get  on  in  life  without 
deceit  and  malice  :  smile  with  your  lips  only  ;  fawn  on 
the  rich,  and  never  mind  the  poor.  Do  as  I  bid  you, 
and  you  will  be  rich,  and  have  all  you  desire.  If,  on 
the  other  hand,  you  follow  Reason,  you  will  be 
wretched  and  poor.     It  is  for  you  to  decide. 

Cap.  XXIX.  Here  Fraud  ended  his  discourse  ;  and 
the  author  fell  to  thinking  of  the  opposition  between 
him  and  Reason,  inclining  rather  to  the  counsel  of 
Fraud. 

Cap.  XXX.  Hereupon  comes  Understanding,  and 
severely  reproves  the  author  for  listening  to  Fraud,  and 
leaving  Reason.  All  who  ever  hearkened  to  Fraud 
have  come  to  shame,  being  tempted  to  their  ruin  by 
Foolish-thought.  For  whatever  is  gained  through 
Fraud  is  of  no  permanent  good.  Fraud  is  but  a  poor 
logician  ;  his  major  premiss  and  his  middle  term  are 
sound  ;  but  his  conclusion  is  always  shame  and  con- 
fusion. What  Fraud  amasses  in  twenty  years,  Fortune 
brings  to  nought  in  one  hour.  For  Right,  who  arranges 
and  orders  all  things  fitly,  cannot  bear  him,  but  is  ever 
on  the  side  of  Reason. 

Cap.  XXXI.  Therefore  follow  Reason  and  serve 
her.  Wiser  than  you  have  come  to  harm  through 
following  Fraud  ;  rather,  they  were  not  truly  wise, 
though  so  reputed.  For  there  are  fools  who  are  held 
wise  in  this  world,  and  wise  who  are  held  fools.  The 
rich  man  is  thought  wise,  however  foolish  he  may  really 
be  ;  and  the  poor  man  thought  a  fool,  however  wise. 

*  The  printed  text  has  Soit  bien  pensé  ou  mal  pensé.     This  MS.  reads 
En/aiz,  en  diz  et  em  (=e»)  pensé. 

35 


UnderstandiiifT  then  ends  his  discourse  ;  and  the 
author  decides  that  he  had  better  take  his  advice  and 
pin  his  faith  on  Reason. 

Cap.  XXXII.     Upon  this  Reason  herself  arrives, 

Of  colour  fresh  and  blithe  of  cheer, 
As  holding  nought  on  earth  so  dear 
As  him  who  to  her  sway  doth  render 
His  whole  soul  up  in  glad  surrender. 

She  bids  the  author  now  swear  allegiance  to  her,  and 
stand  firm  in  spite  of  all  that  Fraud  may  say.  In  spite 
of  all  she  told  him  before  (she  complains),  as  soon 
as  her  back  was  turned  he  shifted  round  to  Fraud, 
just  as  a  weathercock  is  moved  whichever  way  the 
wind  blows.  Her  service  is  perfect  freedom  ;  and  a 
man  who  serves  her  may  stand  unashamed  before  Pope 
or  King,  Duke  or  Count.  Her  guerdon,  moreover,  is 
two-fold,  as  she  will  proceed  to  prove. 

Cap.  XXXIII.  First,  in  serving  Wisdom,  you  may 
live  securely,*  fearing  none  but  God,  "  mon  père,"  t  and 
secondly,  after  death  you  will  enter  into  Paradise  and 
live  for  ever.  Both  these  benefits  will  be  lost  in 
serving  Fraud,  who  can  give  nothing  but  the  pleasure  of 
acquiring  wealth  ;  and  often  when  it  has  been  acquired 
it  will  suddenlv  be  lost,  and  then  none  will  be  sorry  for 
vou,  but  all  will  rejoice,  and  say, 

His  fortune  from  the  Devil  rose, 
And  to  the  Devil  back  it  goes. 

Keep,  therefore,  your  heart  clean  and  pure  ;  and  have 
humility  in  yourself,  as  well  as  loyalty,  faith,  and  truth. 

*  The  printed  text  lias  Pues  tu  vivre  ;   this  MS.  reads  incorrectly  Pour 
vivre. 

■\  Reason  here,  as  in  the  Roi?ian  de  la  Rose,  claims  to  be  I)a(i_çhtcrof  God. 

36 


And  see  that  your  humility  is  real  and  not  feigned.  For 
some  make  pretence  of  humility,  and  seem  to  the  world 
to  be  worthy  men,  while  they  are  full  of  hypocrisy  and 
foxiness.  They  deceive  men  indeed,  but  not  God  ;  and 
will  be  manifest  at  the  Day  of  Judgment. 

He  will  sit  middle  on  the  throne, 

His  wounds  to  all  the  people  shown, 

The  crown  of  thorn,  the  spear,  the  nails  ; 

And  every  soul  shall  to  the  scales  ; 

No  king  nor  emperor  but  then 

Shall  quake  for  fear,  like  common  men  ; 

The  cobbler  and  the  count  shall  be 

Exactly  of  the  same  degree  ; 

And  *cheap-budge-wearers  equal  all 

With  any  king  and  cardinal. 

The  good,  the  followers  of  Reason,  will  be  separated 
from  the  bad,  the  followers  of  Fraudi;  and  will  go  to  joy, 
while  the  others  have  grant  pleur ^  grant  cri,  et  grant 
doieur.  Now,  therefore,  she  says,  do  me  homage  ;  and 
continue  in   my  service  hencefoith. 

The  author  hesitating,  Reason  attacks  him  sharply:— 
tThen  quoth  she,  Answer  !— Not  one  word 
Have  you,  methinks,  perceived  or  heard. 

But  he  defends  himself  by  reminding  her  that  she 
herself  had  instructed  him  always  to  listen  well  before 
replying,  and  not  be  in  haste  to  answer.  And  she 
commends  him  for  his  obedience  to  her  injunctions. 

Cap.  XXXIV.  He  vows  allegiance  to  Reason  on 
his  knees  ;  and  she  bends  and  kisses  him  ;  and  as  she 
does  so  vanishes.  But  he  feels  her  still  within  him,  and 
never  after  consented  to  go  against  her. 

*  Godefroy  quotes  examples  of  rois  to  show  it  is  the  fur  of  some  small 
animal.     But  he  does  not  say  what. 

t  The  reading  of  this  MS.,  Lofs  me  dist,  Respons  !  seems  belter  than  that 
of  the  printed  text,  Lors  me  dist  Raison. 

57 


Cap.  XXXV,  While  he  is  in  this  mind,  there  came 
to  him  a  man  and  wife  of  simple  appearance,  the  latter 
leading  a  child  bv  the  hand.  The  man's  name  was 
Good-heart,  the  woman's  Good-desire,  and  their  child's 
Mind-to-do-well  ;   and  they  greeted  him  cordially. 

Cap.  XXXVI.  Good-heart  accosts  him  pleasantly, 
and  says  that  as  Reason  has  become  his  companion,  the 
three  of  them  will  accompany  him,  and  not  leave  him 
till  they  have  set  him  on  the  good  road  leading  to 
Riches.  The  author  accepts  gladly,  professing  his 
despair  of  finding  the  road  of  Diligence  without  help. 
Good-heart  bids  him  get  up  and  dress  himself.  To 
come  to  good  he  must  rouse  himself  while  he  is  still 
sound  asleep.  Little  sleep  and  much  waking  are  needed 
for  this  road.  For  by  much  sleep  good  may  be  lost.* 
It  is  therefore  wise  to  endure  a  little  abstinence,  for  the 
sake  of  reaching  a  state  of  plenty.  Good-desire  and 
Mind-to-do-well  each  adds  a  few  words  to  the  same 
effect. 

Cap.  XXXVII.  The  author  then  (regardless  of 
the  fact  that  all  this  is  a  dream  !)  gets  up  and  dresses 
himself.  Good-desire  lights  the  candle,  and  in  low 
tones  {queer c^  not  to  awake  the  wife  ?)  bids  her  son 
carry  it  ;  and  so  they  set  out. 

Cap.  XXXVIII.  The  four  set  out  together,  and 
arrive  at  the  road  of  IJiligence,  which  the  author  con- 
fesses he  had  never  entered  before,  being   unable    to 

*  The  next  lines  are  puzzling  : 

Nuls  ne  s'en  scet  n  quoi  aherdre 

Se  n'est  à  robe  dessirée. 
S' aherdre  a  is  to  attach  oneself  to,  abandon  oneself  to  :  and  the  sense  seems 
to  be  "  None  can  addict  himself  to  sleep  without  coming  to  rags  "  :  but  it  is 
not  easy  to  get  this,  or  any  other  meaning,  out  of  the  literal  traivslation. 

38 


get  to  it.  A  little  way  along  this  road  they  come  to 
a  castle,  which  they  sought  to  enter.  But  a  fierce- 
looking  porter  stops  them,  enquiring  roughly  of 
the  author  if  he  wished  to  enter  without  leave.  None 
could  enter  without  obedience  to  him  and  his  wife. 
Mind-to-do-well,  Good-heart,  and  Good-will  each  in 
turn  speak  up  for  him. 

Cap.  XXXIX.  And  the  porter  accepts  their  assur- 
ances ;  and  takes  the  author  by  the  hand,  telling  him 
that  he  must  obey  him  and  his  wife  if  he  wishes  to 
see  Riches.*  This  castle  is  called  the  Castle  of  Labour  ; 
he,  the  porter,  is  named  Heed,  his  wife  Carefulness,  and 
the  lord  and  lady  of  the  castle  are  called  Hard-work 
and  Pains.  To  them  he  shall  now  be  taken  at  once,  if  he 
is  prepared  to  endure,  otherwise  he  will  be  thrust  out 
at  a  moment's  notice,  without  warning.  There  is  a 
much-used  proverb,  "  The  loaf  is  shaped  at  the  oven's 
mouth."  I 

Whereupon    the    author    asseverates    strongly    his 
intention  of  not  going  back  : — 

Ne'er  shall  you  see  me  alter  now 
For  cold  or  heat  or  sweaty  brow. 

Cap.    XL.     Heed    and   Carefulness    then    lead    the 
author  quickly  into  the  castle,  where  he  sees  more  than 
a  hundred  thousand  workers  hard  at  work. 
Woman  nor  man  was  idle  found  ; 
So  loudly  did  the  castle  sound 
With  beating  and  with  hammering 
One  had  not  heard  God  thundering. 
Though  for  three  days  he  had  not  slept 
A  man  were  here  from  slumber  kept. 

*  This  MS.  reads  "  come  to  Riches." 

f  Lit.,  The  baker  shapes  his  horn-bread  as  he  puts  it.  in  ihe  oven. 
("  Well  begun  is  half  done.") 

39 


The  author  is  all  anxiety  to  begin,  and  being  allowed 
to  do  so  he  takes  his  place,  and  puts  his  candle  ready 
in  a  candlestick  ;  when  lo  and  behold  the  Lady  of  the 
Castle,  "Pains,"  arrives,  going  her  rounds  among  the 
workers. 

Her  skirts  were  kilted  to  her  waist, 

And  sooth  she  went  as  one  in  haste  ; 

So  fiercely  fast  she  moved  about 

Her  blood  well-nigh  she  sweated  out  : 

Nor  any  time  a  mantle  wore, 

But  just  a  jacket,*  nothing  more. 

And  sometimes,  when  'twas  fresh  and  clean. 

Even  in  her  chemise  was  seen. 

The  Lady  Pains  perceives  the  new  labourer,  as  having 
only  arrived  this  day  ;  and  enquires  who  he  is. 

Cap.  XLL  Heed  replies  that  this  man  has  been 
very  desirous  of  being  introduced  to  Pains,  and  that 
Good-heart  and  Good-desire  and  Mind-to-do-well  have 
vouched  for  him,  that  he  has  no  mind  to  be  idle.  Nay 
verilv,  cries  Carefulness  loudly,  that  has  he  not  indeed. t 
She  and  her  husband  will  be  surety  for  him.  Pains 
answers  that  she  will  try  him  if  it  really  is  so. 

Cap.  XLIL  And  approaching  him,  she  speaks 
kindly  to  him  ;  but  warns  him  that  none  may  relax 
or  rest  here,  or  he  w^ill  be  quickly  thrust  out.  He 
promises  that  she  shall  have  no  ground  of  complaint. 

Well  spoken,  friend,  she  answered.     See 
That  action  well  to  word  agree, 

*  The  reading  of  this  MS.  pure  {en  pure  coste)  seems  better  than  the 
printed  text  povre  (en  sa  povre  cote).  Coste  for  cette  is  found  in  earlier 
French  in  the  Saintonge  dialect.     Here  it  may  be  merely  a  slip  of  the  pen. 

t  Ce  n'a  mon,  an  obsolete  emphatic  phrase.  Ce,  the  reading  of  this 
MS.  is  right.     The  printed  text  ha*  se. 

40 


Or  'tis  not  worth  one  garlic-sprout  ; 
So  that,  to-night,  when,  turn  about, 
Hard-work,  my  husband,  goes  his  round, 
Your  duty  duly  done  be  found. 
For  I  at  morn  and  he  at  night 
Look  to  our  folk  that  all  goes  right. 
Strive  not  to  rouse  him  !  for  a  touch 
Will  set  him  scolding  over  much. 

The  author  then  falls  to  work  till  he  sees  the  day- 
light beginning  through  the  windows,  when  he  puts  out 
his  candle,  but  still  goes  on  working  without  stop  or 
stay,  till  the  hour  of  breakfast. 

Which  breakfast  is  and  dinner  too 
In  one,  the  way  that  labourers  do. 

He  looked  with  interest  on  his  fellow-labourers,  who 
all  fell  to  with  great  appetite  on  dry  bread,  garlic,  and 
salt  ;  and  ate  nothing  else,* 

As  beef  or  mutton,  goose  or  fowl  ; 
Then  in  both  hands  they  took  the  bowl, 
And  deeply  set  themselves  to  swill 
The  good  plain  water  to  their  fill. 

Cap.  XLIII.  In  looking  at  this  scene,  the  author 
feels  a  great  desire  to  do  as  the  other  workers,  "though 
I  had  never  learnt"  :  and  he  took  some  "bread  of 
Corbeil,"t  salt  and  garlic,  and  some  "horse's  wine," 
{i.e.^  water),  and  ate  and  drank  this  plain  fare  with  the 

*  The  reading  of  this  MS.,  Ne  ilz  ne  mengoient  riens  el,  is  better  than 
the  printed  text  Ne  il  ne  mengoit  riens  en  el. 

f  This  MS.  omits  two  lines  which  in  the  printed  text  follow  the  line,  Lors 
je  fis  tant  que  j'euz  du  pain. 

De  Corbueil,  du  sel  et  des  aulx, 
Et  si  prins  du  vin  aux  chevaulx. 
"  Pain  de  Corbueil  "  says  the  editor  of  the  printed  text,  was  a  large  sort 
of  loaf  brought  from  Corbeil. 

41 


greatest  appetite,  going  on  with  his  work  all  the  time. 
So  that  at  the  end  he  felt  as  if  he  had  been  at  a  feast 
and  had  "  mutton,  beef,  chicken,  peacocks,  pasties,  and 
tarts  and  tartlets,  little  rolls,  and  rare  wines,  Bur- 
gundy, Gascon,  Angevin,  Beaune,  Rochelle,  and  Saint- 
Pourcain,  which  one  puts  in  one's  bosom  to  cure  a 
birth-mark  "  (or  mole). 

Cap.  XLIV.  He  then  continues  working  hard, 
watched  by  Good-heart,  Good-desire,  Mind-to-do-well, 
and  encouraged  by  Heed  and  Carefulness,  who 
promised  him  that  he  should  be  well  paid  ;  and  when 
night  fell  these  latter  prepared  a  candle  that  he  might 
work  till  Curfew,  for  it  was  winter,*  when  naturally  one 
does  not  stop  till  one  hears  the  Curfew  ring.  When 
this  time  arrived  he  rejoiced,  for  he  was  weary  and 
worn  out,  and  felt  "an  appetite  which  is  called  Hunger." 
At  that  point  came  Hard-work,  the  Castellan,  who 
commends  him  for  his  toil,  and  says  that  having  worked 
so  well  he  may  now  go  to  see  Repose,  who  provides 
ease,t  food,  drink,  sleep  and  rest  for  patient  workers  ; 

And  gives  them  consolation 

After  the  tribulation 

Which  my  wife  makes  them  all  to  bear 

When  they  commend  them  to  her  care. 

Cap.  XLV.  The  author  gladly  agrees,  and  begs  the 
porter  and  his  wife  to  let  him  out  of  the  castle.  This 
they  do,  but  charge  him  straitly  to  be  up  in  good  time 
in  the  morning,  and  so  advance  on  the  road  to 
Riches. 

*   This  MS.  has  the  false  readinjf  dtsner  for  d'iver. 

t  The   reading  of  the  printed  text,  aaisier,  is  certainly  right.     This  MS. 
has  advisier. 

42 


Ev'n  Diligence  will  fail  to  win 
Except  one  persevere  therein.* 

Heed  warns  him  that  Repose  is  the  most  deceitful  of 
creatures, 

For  ever  ready  to  deceive 

At  all  times  all  who  will  receive 

The  things  he  will  make  gift  of.     Know 

All  his  good  things  will  he  bestow 

On  whoso  will  accept  them.     Aye  ; 

But  in  the  end  'tis  Well-a-way  ! 

For  all  who  take  them  out  of  reason 

And  out  time  and  out  of  season, 

Without  the  strong  constraint  of  need. 

For  verily  'tis  truth  indeed 

That  no  man  in  whate'er  estate 

Can  live  without  it,  small  nor  great  ; 

Yet  those  who  too  much  trust  Repose 

Are  poor  as  Job  before  the  close. 

Heed   then   pulls   him   by  the  ear,  as  a  memento  ;  and 

Carefulness,  repeating  very  much  her  husband's  words, 

Exist  without  Repose  none  could, 
More  than  without  his  other  food.f 

does  the  same  bv  the  other  ear. 

Cap.  XLVI.      The    allegorical    machinery    rather 
breaks  down  here.    The  author  now  returns  home  to  his 

*  Here   this   MS.  omits  the  following  four  lines,  found  in  the  printed 
text  :— 

Paison  me  dist  (bien  m'en  souvient) 
Que  persévérance  convient 
En  bien  faire,  c'est  ce  qui  fait 
L'ouvrier  louer  de  son  bienfait, 
f  This  MS.  supplies  what  is  probably  the  correct  reading  of  this  line. 
Nez  que  pourroit  sans  autre  vivre. 
The  printed  text  has 

Sil  n'est  ou  hors  du  sens  ou  yvre, 
but  supplies  m  a  note  the  variant 

Ne  qu'il  pourroit  sans  autre  vivre. 

43 


wife  ;  and,  sitting  down  to  the  supper  which  she  has 
prepared  him,  gives  her  a  full  account  of  all  that  had 
happened  to  him,  how  he  had  been  beset  by  Want, 
Necessity  and  the  rest  ;  how  Reason  had  come  to  him  ; 
and  in  short  tells  her  the  whole  story  of  his  "  vision 
which  was  not  a  dream."* 

Cap.  XLVII.  His  wife  tells  him  he  is  out  of  his 
senses,  and  all  he  has  told  her  merely  a  fantasy.  But  he 
holds  his  peace,  and  makes  no  retort. 

Long  since  I  learned  by  rule  and  rote 
That  none  should  e'er  give  heed  or  note 
To  woman's  words,  say  what  she  will, 
Prating  or  rating,  good  or  ill. 
For  what  a  woman  wants  is  praise, 
And  to  be  backed  in  what  she  says. 
She  cannot  brook  to  be  reproved, 
But  lauded  likes  to  be,  and  loved. 

He  advises  all  men  who  have  women  about  them 

to  manage  them  in  this  way,  and  let  them  have  their 

will. 

Still  greater  folly  should  it  be 
A  woman — so  it  seems  to  me — 
Deliberately  to  displease  ; 
For  never  wife  will  be  at  ease 
Whose  husband  once  has  hurt  her,  till 
She  have  with  unrelenting  will 
Repaid  the  outrage  twofold  back  ; 

*  In  the  couplet  following  the  line 

A  lui  faire  hommage  ay  [trop]  mis 
this  MS.  omits  the  line  in  the  printed  text 

Si   m'y  ont  moult  bien  aidé, 
but  after  the  next  line, 

Bon-cuer  et  Bonne- Voulenté, 
supplies 

Qui  sont  de  tres-bon  parenté. 
No  doubt  the  printed  text  has  the  right  version. 

44 


Else  woman's  nature  she  must  lack. 
Whoso  his  choice  doth  wisely  make, 
The  lesser  of  two  ills  will  take  ; 
By  danger  it  is  good  to  scrape 
A  deadlier  danger  to  escape. 

The  author  then  prepares  for  bed,  and  puts  his 
tinder-box  beside  his  pillow,  so  as  to  be  ready  to  light 
his  candle  without  rising.  He  bethinks  him  of  Heed 
and  Care,  and  ends  with  a  prayer  that  if  he  cannot  attain 
to  great  Riches,  he  may  at  least  achieve  Competence.  . 


This  MS.  ends  with  the  line — 

Que  véoir  me  puisse  ou  demaine 
(That  I  may  find  me  at  the  abode)  ; 

but  there   are    sixteen   more   lines  to  the   end    of  the 
poem,  w^hich  are  thus  given  in  the  printed  Text  : 

De  Richesse  la  haute  Dame, 
Au  sauvement  de  corps  et  d'âme. 
Et  se  je  ne  puis  advenir 
A  la  grant  Richesse,  et  venir 
Qui  est  la  mendre  selon  Dieu, 
Je  pry  la  Vierge  de  cuer  pieu. 
Qui  le  benoit  fils  Dieu  porta, 
En  quoy  les  pécheurs  conforta. 
Qu'avenir  puisse  à  Souffisance, 
Car  j'ay  en  ce  ferme  créance 
Que  qui  à  Souffisance  adresse, 
En  lui  a  parfaicte  richesse. 
Ne  jà  ne  croiray  le  contraire. 
Icy  vueil  mon  livre  à  fin  traire 
Appelle  la  Voie  et  l'adresse 
De  Povreté  et  de  Richesse. 


45 


III.    Pierre  Gringore's  "Chasteau 
de  Labour." 

The  existence  of  this  beautiful  and  costly  Manuscript 
of  the  Chastel  de  Labour^  and  the  fact  that  it  was 
made  so  long — from  eighty  to  a  hundred  years  or 
more — after  the  first  appearance  of  the  poem,  show- 
that  Jean  Bruyant's  work  had  gained  some  consider- 
able esteem.  The  taste  for  allegorizing  was  rampant  all 
through  the  15th  century,  and  the  elaborate  personifica- 
tions of  the  Chastel  de  Labour  would  have  appealed 
strongly  to  the  wider  reading  public  which  rushed  into 
existence  upon  the  invention  of  printing,  being  partly 
its  consequence,  but  partly  no  doubt — proleptically— its 
cause.  It  seems,  therefore,  at  first  sight,  surprising 
that  there  should  be  no  early  printed  edition  of  the 
poem.  But  the  reason  of  this  is  pretty  certainly  that 
an  adaptation  of  it  was  printed  instead.  This  was 
Pierre  Gringore's  Chasteau  de  Labour^  of  which  the 
first  edition  appeared  in  1499,  to  be  succeeded  very 
quickly  by  three  or  four  others,  and  in  due  time  by 
an  English  translation.  This  last  has  recently  been 
edited  for  the  Roxburghe  Club  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Pollard*; 
and  a  full  account  of  Pierre  Gringore — the  second-rate 
poet  utilized  as  a  character  by  Victor  Hugo  and  Théo- 
dore de  Banville — and  of  his  indebtedness  to  the  poem 
before  us  is  given  in  the  admirable  introduction.  "  In 
making   his    adaptation  "  (says   Mr.    Pollard)  Gringore 

*  The  Castell  of  Labour,  translated  from  the  French  of  Pierre  Gringore 
by  Alexander  Barclay.  Reprinted  in  facsimile  from  Wynkyn  de  Worde's 
edition  of  1506  with  the  French  text  of  31  March  1501  and  an  introduction 
by  Alfred  W.  Pollard.     Edinburgh.     Constable,  1905. 

47 


*'  very  wisely  changed  the  metre  from  the  couplets  used 
bv  his  original  to  eight-line  stanzas,  and  if  any  one  will 
try  the  experiment  of  putting  couplets  into  stanzas  he 
will  soon  find  for  himself  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  keep 
the  exact  wording  of  more  than  a  line  and  a  half  of  his 
original  at  a  time.  Gringore  sometimes  conveys  more 
than  this  without  interruption — three  lines  appear  to 
be  his  maximum,  and  are,  indeed,  the  'highest  possible' — 
but  his  phrasing  is  generally  his  own,  and  not  only  the 
phrasing,  but  most  of  the  ornament  and  the  detailed 
working  out  of  his  argument.  His  debt  to  Jehan 
Bruyant  is  heaviest  wherever  there  is  any  touch  of 
action  about  the  poem  ;  as  for  the  philosophising,  of 
which  there  is  so  much,  no  doubt  he  thought  he  could 
do  it  as  well  himself." 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  Paris  woodcuts  of 
1499  with  the  representations  of  the  same  scenes,  by 
an  earlier  designer,  in  this  Manuscript.  By  the 
courtesy  of  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch,  and  the  kind 
favour  of  Mr.  Pollard,  the  four  specimens  of  them 
reproduced  in  the  Roxburghe  Club  edition  are  here 
printed  for  comparison. 


48 


Cap.  XXXVII.   {cf.  Min.  36). 


Cap.  XLI.  (cf.   Min.  40). 


49 


Cap.  XLIII.  {cf.  Min.  42). 


Cap.  XLVI.  (cf.   .Min.   45). 
51 


Appendix. 


LIST  OF  THE  ALLEGORICAL  FIGURES  AND 
PERSONIFICATIONS,  WITH  THE  ENGLISH 
EQUIVALENTS    USED    IN    TRANSLATING. 

[All  are  persons  except  where  the  object  signified  is  otherwise  noted.  Where  the 
characters  are  named  in  more  than  one  chapter,  they  are  not  repeated  in  this  list, 
except  when  they  reappear  under  different  conditions.] 

Contemplation  :    Contein[)lation 
Paour-de-Dieu  :    Fear-nf-God 
Doulceur  :   Gentleness 


Cap.   I. 
Besoing  :    IVant 
Nécessité  :   Necessity 
Souffrete  :   Suffering 
Disette  :   Hunser 


Cap.  III. 
Pensée  :  Anxiety 
Soussy  :    Care 

Cap.   IV. 
Desconfort  :   Discomfort 

Cap.  V. 

Désespérance  :  Despair 

(Daughter  of  Desconfort) 

Cap.  VI. 
Raison  :   Reason 

Cap.  VIII. 
Orgueil  :   Pride 
Desrision  :   Derision 
Desdaing  :   Disdain 
Despit  :   Despite 
Presumption  :    Presumption 
Supéditer  :   Tiample-under-foot 
Fierté  :  Arrogance 
Bobance  :   Haughtiness 
Desprisier  :   Contempt 
Oultrecuidance  :    Overweening 
Humilité  :   Humility 
Dévotion  :   Devoutness 
Franchise  :   Sincerity 


(see  Cap.  X.) 
Pitié  :    Pity 
Justice  :  Justice 
Simplesse  :  Simplicity 
Equité  :    Equity 

Cap.  IX. 

Envie  :    Envy 
Hayne  :   Hatred 
Fauseté  :   Falsity 
Murtre  :  Murder 

(see  Cap.  XII.) 
Trayson  :   Treason 
Faulx-semblant  :    False-seeming 
Détraction  :   Detraction 
Ennemitié  :   Enmity 

Male-bouche  :    IFicked-tongue 
(see  Cap.  XIII.) 

Foy  :   Faith 

Loiaulté  :   Loyalty 

Paix  :    Peace 

Concorde  :    Concord 

Vraie-amitié  :   True -friend  s  hip 

Miséricorde  :    Compassion 

Bénivolence  :    Kindliness 

Vérité  :    Truth 

Conscience  :   Conscience 

Unité  :    Unity 


53 


Cap.  X. 
I  re  :   A  ngfr 
Cruaultc  :   Cruflty 
PtTversité  •   Frowardrtfss 
Forcenerie  :   Passion 
Félonnie  :    Violence 
Esragcrie  :    Rage 
Desverie  :    Fury 
Debonnaireté  :  Good- temper 

Doulceur  :  Sweetness 

(see  Cap.  VIII.) 
Souffrance  :    Tolerance 
Estableté  :    Self-control 
Attrempance  :    Moderation 
Patience  :    Patience 
Discrétion  :   Discretion 
Refrainte  :    Self-restraint 
Correction  :   Correction 

Mesure  :    Order 

(Called  "my  sister"  by  Reason, 
and  in  Cap.  XV.) 

Cap.  XI. 

Paresse  :  Sloth 

(see  Cap.  XVII.) 

Fétardie  :    Indolence 

Faintise  :  Timidity 

Oiseuse  :    Laziness 

Lâcheté  :    Cowardice 

Négligence  :   Negligence 

Niceté  :  Sii'linrss 

(see  Cap.  XVII.) 

Non-chaloir  :    Don't-care 

Cuer-failly  :    Faint-heart 

Diligence  :   Diligence 

Apperteté  :   Readiness 

Bon-cuer  :   Good-heart 

(see  Cap.  XXXV.  et  seq.) 
Bonne-voulenté  :   Good-desire 

(see  Cap.  XXXV.  et  seq.) 
Talent-de-bien-faire  :    Mind-to- 

(see  Cap.  XXXV.  et  $^q.) 


Care  :    Car  tf it  In  ess 

(see  Cap.  XXXIX.  et  seq.) 

Soing  :   Heed 

(see  Cap.  XXXIX.  et  seq.) 

Cap.  XII. 

Avarice  :  Avarice 
Convoitise  :    Covetousness 
(see  Cap.  XVII.) 

Rapine  :   Rapine 
Usure  :   Usury 
Faulx-traictié  :    False-troth 
Malice  :  Malice 
Tricherie  :   Trickery 

(see  Cap.  XXVI.) 
Murtre  :   Murder 

(see  Cap.  IX.) 
Larrecin  :    Theft 
Roberie  :   Robbery 
Engignement  :   Perfidy 
here      Déception  :    Deception 
Fraude  :   Deceit 
Cavilation  :   Craft 
Charité  :    Charity 
Souffisance  :   Sufficiency 

(see  Cap.  XX.) 

Largesse  :   Largesse 
Aumosne  :   Almsgiving 

Cap.  XIIL 
Gloutonnie  :    Gluttony 
Gourmandie  :   Gormandise 
Friandise  :   Appetite 
Lopinerie  :   Greediness 
Yvresse  :  Drunkenness 
Oultrage  :   Excess 
Lécherie  :  Indulgence 
Male-bouche  :    Wicked-tongue 

(see  Cap.  IX.) 
Mesdit  :   Calumny 
Surdit  :  Slander 
Maugréerie  :   Profanity 


do- 

[urll 


54 


Hastiveté  :   Rashness 
Pautonnerie  :   Loose-living 
Abstinence  :   Aistinence 
Sobriété  :   Soh'ieti/ 

Cap.  XIV. 
Luxure  :   Lasciriousness 

Fol-regard,  Folement- regarder  : 

Foolisli-Iook 

Souvenir:   Rememirance 
Pensée  :   Thought  (an  arrow) 
(see  Cap.  III.) 

Foie-plaisance:     Foolish  joy    (an 

arrow) 
Désir:    Desire  (a  cross-bow  bolt) 
Folle- Amour  :    Foolish-loue 
Chasteté  :   Chastity  (a  shield) 
Fermeté  :   Resolution  [a.  lance) 
Regart  :    L'-oking 

Fol-cuidier  :   Fole-cogitation  : 

(see  Cap.  XXX.)  [Foolish-thought 
Ardent-désir  :   Fierce-desire 

Cap.  XV. 

Atrempance  :    l^emperanie 
(see  Cap.  X.) 

Cap.  XVII. 
Richesse:  Riches 
Diligence  :   Diligence  (a  road) 

Persévérance  :    Perseverance  (paving 

of  the  road) 

Paresse  or  Accide  :   Idleness  (a  road) 

(see  Cap.  XL) 
Fétardie  :    Indolence        \     (puddles 
Ignorance  :   Ignorance    [•        in  the 

Niceté  :   Sillitiess  I         road) 

(see  Cap.  XI.) 

Povreté  :    Porerty 

Cai>.  XVIII. 
Destinée  :    Destiny,  Fate 


Cai>.  XX. 
Souffisance  :    Enough  (.1  road) 

(see  Cap.  XII.) 
Convoitise  :   Covelousness  (a  road) 

(see  Cap.  XII.) 
Fortune  :    Fnrtunr 

Cap.  XXI. 
Amours  :    Lore 

Cap.  XXV 
Entendement  :    Understanding 

Cap.  XXVI. 
Barat  :    Fraud 

Tricherie  :    Trickery 

(see  Cap.  XII.) 
Hoquelerie  :    Chicanery 

Cap.  XXX. 

Fol-cuidier  :   Foolish-thought 

(see  Cap.  XIV. j 
Droit:    Right 

Cap.  XXXV. 

Bon-cuer  :   Good-heart 

(see  Cap.  XI.) 

Bonne-voulenté  :   Good-desire 
(see  Cap.  XI.) 

Talent-de-bien-faire  :    Mindto-do- 

(see  Cap.  XI.)  [well 

Cap.  XXXIX. 

Labour    (Chastel    de)  :      Labour    (a 

castle) 

Soing  :   Heed. 

(see  Cap.  XI.) 

Cure  :    Carefulness 

(see  Cap.  XI.) 

Travail  :    Hard-work 

Peine  :   Pains 

Cap.  XLIV. 
Repos  :   Repose 


55 


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1»  lit  tf*  *  «^ 


I.     The  'New-Married'  and  his  wife   in    bed.       Enter  '  Want,* 
'NiiCEssixy/  «Suffering'  ANP  'Hunger,' 


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II.     'Want,'   'Necessity,'  '  Sui-feking  '  and  'Hunger'  fall 
UPON  THE  'New-Married,' 


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III.     'Anxiety'  and  'Care'  attack  the  'New-Married.' 


-V 


:\', 


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\'[.       Thk    '  NeW-MaRRIED  '    AND    HIS    WIFE    IN    BED.       EnTER    '  ReaSON  ' 

AND  EXIT  '  Despair.' 


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VIII.     'Pride'  and    his    retinue    met    by    'Humility'    and 

HER    COMPANIONS. 


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IX.     Assault   of    'Envy,'    'Hatred'    and   the    like    upon    the 

CASTLE    DEFENDED    BY    '  FaITH,'    '  LoYALTY  '    AND    OTHERS. 


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X.     Attack  of  'Anger,'  'Cruelty,'  and  their   train    upon    the 

CASTLE    defended    BY    '  GoOD    TeMPEK,'    '  SwEETNESS,'     AND    OTHERS. 


it-*'    1> 


XI.     'Sloth,'  'Indolence,'   etc.,  and    'Diligence'    (typified 
BY  Labourers  at  work.) 


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XII.     Representations    of    'Avarice'    (with    'Murder'    in  the 
background),  and  of  '  Charity,'  '  Almsgiving,'  etc. 


^^ 


^'S^^,^/ïf'^ 


XIII.     The  assault  of  'Gluttony'  (typified    by  a  Cook    with 

A    LADEN    SPIT,    AND    A    BuTLER    WITH   CUP    AND    FLAGON.) 


lo*  *'  * 


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XVIII.     'Reason'  shows  thp:  'New-Married'    the    Three    Fates 

AT    their    work    with    THE    DISTAFF, 


fl  [^.«Wi»»^      ■•»'»ip     -•■•»•••     »•->!*     ».,n,,r     .■!«-,i>.,     'ic 


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XXIII.     'Reason'  shows  the  'New-Married'  the  loyal  servitor. 


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XXV.     The  '  New-Married,'  seated  beside  his  bed,  is  approached 
BY  'Fraud,'  'Trickery'  and  'Chicanery.' 


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XXVI.     'Fraud,'  accompanied  by  'Trickery'  and   'Chicanery,' 

REBUKES    THE    '  NeW-MaRRIED  '    FOR    LISTENING    TO    '  ReASON.' 


*.x^ 


[Tat»  fc/f  feéti 


XXVII.     'Fraud,'  accompanied  by  'Trickery'  and   'Chicanery,' 

EXPOUNDS    his    principles    TO    THE    '  NeW-MaRRIED.' 


V 


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XXIX.     '  Understanding  '    reproves  the    ♦  New-Married  '  for 

LISTENING    TO    '  FrAUD.' 


, J-         -      .-JHlAlÛ  fcVltitUit 


— ^-^ 


XXX.     'Understanding'   urges  the  'New-Married'    to    put 

FAITH  IN  '  Reason.' 


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XXXII.     'Reason'  shows  the  '  New-Makkied  '  the  vision  of 
THE  Judgment-day. 


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fee  Mtdt  2^r/i3dti^t  ^itîîtiie 


XXXVI.     The  'New-Married'  putting  on  his  boots  to  accompany 
'Good-Heart,'   'Good-Desire'  and  '  Mind-to-do-Well.' 


iî^_^5^«à.-«i*^ 


XXXI^.     The  'Castle  oh  Labour.'       (In    the   borper  are 

DEPICTED    THE    FOUR    SF,\SONS.) 


e>te-,'?i 


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W^^'t 


7.Y 


XLIII.     The  'New-Married'  at    his   work    (with    'Good-Heart,' 
Good-Desire'     and      *  Mind-todo-Well  '     behind     him).        Enter 

'  Hardwork.' 


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XLIV.     The  '  New-Markikd  '   ushered  forth  by   'Heed'  and 
'  Carefulness,'  the   former  pulling  his  ear  as  a  memento. 


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XLV.     The  '  New-Married  '    returning   to  his  house,  finds  his 

WIFE    preparing    SUPPER. 


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XLVI.     The  'New-Married'  with  his  night-cap   on    and    holding 

THE    TINDER    BOX,     IS     REPROVED    BY    HIS    WIFE    FOR    HIS    IDLE    DREAMS. 


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